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**Timeline and Sources of History**
"History is an unending dialogue between the present and the past... between the society of today and the society of yesterday. ... We can fully understand the present only in the light of the past." — E.H. Carr
**How Do We Learn About the Past?**
Many people study the history of the Earth. Some of them are trained to uncover the secrets left beneath the Earth's surface and help us learn about its past — and also our past.
 1. **Geologists** study the physical features of the Earth, like the soil, stones, hills, mountains, rivers, seas, oceans and other such parts of the Earth.
 2. **Palaeontologists** study the remains of plants, animals and humans from millions of years ago in the form of fossils.
 3. **Anthropologists** study human societies and cultures from the oldest times to the present.
 4. **Archaeologists** study the past by digging up remains that people, plants and animals left behind, such as tools, pots, beads, figurines, toys, bones and teeth of animals and humans, burnt grains, parts of houses or bricks, among others.
**How Is Time Measured in History?**
Each society and culture have had its own ways of measuring time. Major events, such as the birth of an important person or the start of a ruler’s reign, have often marked the beginning of a new era. At present, the Gregorian calendar is commonly used worldwide; side by side, Hindu, Muslim, Jewish, Chinese and other calendars are also used for calculating the dates of festivals and other auspicious events.
In the West, the conventional year for Jesus Christ's birth has generally been taken to be the starting point for this calendar. Years are counted forward from this point and used to be marked with 'AD' (an abbreviation for a Latin phrase that refers to the years after Jesus' birth). However, this is n

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